Communication Law Worksheet Essays

Communication Law Worksheet Essays Communication Law Worksheet Essay Communication Law Worksheet Essay 1. Communication Law is primarily about the First Amendment. What different types of speech can you identify that may have different protection under the first amendment? Under the First Amendment many types of speech receive the most stringent levels of protection while others receive little to no protection at all. Political or religious speech are two of the biggest and most important areas of speech that receive the most protection and seem to be at the core of the First Amendment rights. These two types of speech receive a great deal of scrutiny, however that scrutiny is usually never upheld. Other areas of speech involving obscenities receive no protection under the First Amendment. Commercial speech is an area of speech that in recent years is starting to gain a great deal of protection under the First Amendment. It has been determined that restrictions on commercial speech be subject to intermediate scrutiny. As a result of commercial speech many food and drug regulations have been invalidated. Commercial speech has recently gone from absolutely no protection under the First Amendment to qualified protection. Commercial speech was limited to promotion of commercial activities. Under the commercial speech doctrine speech does not lose its constitutional protection simply because it appears in a commercial context. Placing want ads in a newspaper is an area of commercial speech that is now protected under this doctrine, however those areas of commercial speech that promote illegal things like employment discrimination is indeed illegal and not protected under the First Amendment. 2. Name and discuss three of the first amendment theories found in the text. Freedom of expression started back in 1791 when the First Amendment was ratified in regards to freedom of the presses. Since the freedom of expression has changed dramatically with new media outlets like television, radio, and the Internet. Freedom of expression was and is used today as having no prior censorship. It also protects people from punishment after publication. Freedom of expression is quite different today, and today there can be nine different definitions of freedom of expression and are usually based on Supreme Court justices. Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 â€Å"forbade false, scandalous, and malicious publications against the U. S. government, congress, and the President† (Pembert Calvert, 2011, p. 48). The law was used to punish those who sought to cause problems and urged resistance to the government. There were 15 prosecutions under this law, many of which belonged to leading papers in the nation at that time. This law was overturned in 1801 and President Jefferson pardoned all those convicted under this law. Today people are allowed to criticize the government and publicly hold views that do not go along with the government or the current administration with little to no prosecution. Taxation of the presses is another area und the First Amendment that has come under scrutiny. Taxing of newspapers and other press outlets was deemed unconstitutional. Government could not tax some members of certain branches over others, and taxing against the content of a publication was also found to be unconstitutional. It is unconstitutional also to â€Å"rule that selective taxation of the press through the narrow targeting of individual members offends the First Amendment and that a differential taxation of First Amendment speakers is constitutionally suspect when it threatens to suppress the expression of particular ideas or viewpoints† (Pembert Calvert, 2011, p. 65). 3. What does prior restraint mean? Why is it important? Prior restraint is an official restriction of speech prior to publication. â€Å"Prior restraint refers to an unconstitutional attempt to prevent publication or broadcast of any statement, which is restraint on free speech and free press prohibited by the First Amendment† (USlegal. com, 2010). Areas that are covered under prior restraint are allowed to be published include libel, slander, obvious miss-truths, anti-government feelings and attitudes, racial and religious areas, and most any material where public security or public safety is not compromised. Public estraint also prohibits felons from profiting off of their crimes. It is used to describe the printing and profiting of illegal crimes. Prior restraint has gone through many revisions since its original inception. Prior restraint is important because it violates First Amendment rights. Free speech and free press should have priority but under prior restraint they do not. â€Å"Blackstone’s theory on this subjec t held that liberty of the press depended on having no prior restraints on publications and not in freedom from punishment when criminal matter is published† (USlegal. om, 2010). References Pember, D. R. , Clavert, C. (2011). Mass media law (17th ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. First Amendment Religion and Expression Freedom of Expression-Speech and Press . (1996). Retrieved August 16, 2010, from Network Abuse Clearinghouse: abuse. net/commercial. html Prior restraint law legal definition. (2010). Retrieved August 16, 2010, from US legal: http://definitions. uslegal. com/p/prior-restraint/

The Difference Between a Weak and Strong Verb

The Difference Between a Weak and Strong Verb The distinction between a weak verb and a strong verb is based on how the past tense of the verb is formed. Weak verbs (more commonly called regular verbs) form the past tense by adding -ed, -d, or -t to the base form- or present tense- of the verb, such as call, called and walk, walked. Strong verbs (usually called irregular verbs) form the past tense or the past participle (or both) in various ways but most often by changing the vowel of the present tense form, such as to give, gave and stick, stuck. Strong vs. Weak In Garners Modern American Usage, author Bryan Garner explains the difference between a week and strong verbs: Irregular verbs are sometimes called strong verbs because they seem to form the past tense from their own resources, without calling a The term strong has been inherited from Old English grammar, and many of todays irregular forms are descendants of common Old English verbs. Although fewer than 200 modern English verbs are strong, these irregulars- most of which are just one syllable in length- are among the most common in the language. Examples of Weak Verbs With week verbs, the stem vowel does not change in the past or past participle tense. Take the word walk, for example. The past and past participle of this verb would be walked because the stem vowel does not change. Another example would be work, where the verb becomes worked in the past and past participle. Other examples of the week, or regular, verbs would be as follows, where the verb is listed on the left with the past/past participle on the right: Add addedBeg beggedCall calledDamage damagedEarn earnedMark markedTaste tastedYell yelled The past tense or past participle of these verbs looks roughly the same as the present tense because, as noted, the stem vowel does not change. Strong Verbs Examples By contrast, strong verbs generally do have a change in the stem vowel in the past or past participle. For example, the past tense and past participle of bringing is brought. At other times, the stem vowel in a strong verb might change in the past tense but not in the past participle, such as arise, which becomes arose in the past tense but arisen in the past participle (as in he has arisen.) Other examples of strong verbs would be: Blow blew (past tense), blown (past participle)Break broke (past tense), broken (past participle)Do did (past tense), done (past participle)Feed fed (past tense and past particle)Lie (down) lay (past tense), lain (past participle)Speak spoke (past tense), spoken (past participle) As you can see, there is no hard-and-fast rule for determining if a verb is a week or strong. Since there are fewer than 200 strong verbs in English, the best method is to memorize their use in the past and past participle.